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<p>Gestational diabetes affects both the mother and the fetus. Therefore, “diet” is considered important. Pregnant women should receive 30-35 calories per kilogram of body weight per day (pre-pregnancy weight) and an additional 300 calories for the baby. An example menu for those requiring 1,800 kilocalories is as follows:</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<h2><span style="color: #00826a;">Appropriate Food Proportions in 1 Day</span></h2>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><span style="color: #00826a;">Meal</span></td>
<td><span style="color: #00826a;">Milk</span></td>
<td><span style="color: #00826a;">Fruit</span></td>
<td><span style="color: #00826a;">Vegetables</span></td>
<td><span style="color: #00826a;">Rice</span></td>
<td><span style="color: #00826a;">Meat</span></td>
<td><span style="color: #00826a;">Fat</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>All day</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>7.5</td>
<td>8</td>
<td>6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Morning</td>
<td>&#8211;</td>
<td>&#8211;</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Morning snack</td>
<td>&#8211;</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>&#8211;</td>
<td>&#8211;</td>
<td>&#8211;</td>
<td>&#8211;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Lunch</td>
<td>&#8211;</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2.5</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Afternoon</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>&#8211;</td>
<td>&#8211;</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>&#8211;</td>
<td>&#8211;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Dinner</td>
<td>&#8211;</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Before bed</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>&#8211;</td>
<td>&#8211;</td>
<td>&#8211;</td>
<td>&#8211;</td>
<td>&#8211;</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<h2><span style="color: #00826a;">Example Foods for Each Meal</span></h2>
<h4><span style="color: #00826a;">Breakfast, e.g., Chicken rice porridge</span></h4>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Rice porridge</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>Ladle</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Chicken meat</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>Tablespoons</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Shiitake mushrooms</td>
<td>¼</td>
<td>Cup</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Carrot</td>
<td>¼</td>
<td>Cup</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Fried garlic</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>Teaspoons</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<h4><span style="color: #00826a;">Morning snack, e.g., 1 small apple</span></h4>
<h4><span style="color: #00826a;">Lunch, e.g., Steamed pork with rice, clear tofu soup with minced pork, fruit</span></h4>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Brown steamed rice</td>
<td>2.5</td>
<td>Ladle</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Steamed pork</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>Tablespoons</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Kale</td>
<td>¼</td>
<td>Cup</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Carrot</td>
<td>¼</td>
<td>Cup</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Vegetable oil</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>Teaspoons</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Soft tofu</td>
<td>⅔</td>
<td>Tube</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pork meat</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>Tablespoon</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Napa cabbage</td>
<td>½</td>
<td>Cup</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Guava</td>
<td>½</td>
<td>Fruit</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<h4><span style="color: #00826a;">Afternoon snack, e.g., 1 glass of plain milk (240 ml) and 4 small crackers</span></h4>
<h4><span style="color: #00826a;">Dinner, e.g., Steamed rice, shrimp and mixed vegetable soup, omelet, fruit</span></h4>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Steamed rice</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>Ladle</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Loofah</td>
<td>¼</td>
<td>Cup</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ivy gourd</td>
<td>¼</td>
<td>Cup</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Baby corn</td>
<td>¼</td>
<td>Cup</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Shrimp</td>
<td>8</td>
<td>2-inch size</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Egg</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>Piece</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Vegetable oil</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>Teaspoons</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Dragon fruit</td>
<td>8</td>
<td>Bite-sized pieces</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<h4><span style="color: #00826a;">Before bed, e.g., 1 glass of plain milk (240 ml)</span></h4>
<p><span style="color: #00826a;">Smart choice </span>means knowing the glycemic index (GI) of foods. Choose carbohydrates with a low GI, which results in slower sugar absorption into the bloodstream and less frequent hunger.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><span style="color: #00826a;">GI</span></td>
<td><span style="color: #00826a;">Low</span></td>
<td><span style="color: #00826a;">Medium</span></td>
<td><span style="color: #00826a;">High</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Rice &#8211; Starch</td>
<td>Glass noodles, brown rice, whole wheat bread, oats</td>
<td>Egg noodles, corn, sweet potato, noodle sheets</td>
<td>Sticky rice, white rice, cornflakes, French fries, white bread, pumpkin</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Fruit</td>
<td>Guava, dragon fruit, apple</td>
<td>Papaya, kiwi, cantaloupe, pineapple</td>
<td>Watermelon, dates</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Milk</td>
<td>Yogurt with artificial sweetener, low-fat milk</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<h4><span style="color: #00826a;">Smart counting </span>means knowing how to count carbohydrates to choose appropriate food portions. Carbohydrate groups include rice/starch, fruit, vegetables, and milk. One carbohydrate unit of each group is equivalent to the following foods:</h4>
<p><span style="color: #00826a;"><strong>Rice &#8211; Starch 1 carb</strong></span></p>
<ul>
<li>Steamed rice 1 ladle</li>
<li>Bread 1 slice</li>
<li>Egg noodles ⅔ cup</li>
<li>Corn ½ cob</li>
<li>Glass noodles 1 ladle</li>
<li>Crackers 4-5 pieces</li>
<li>Pumpkin 2 ladles</li>
<li>Rice noodles 1 handful</li>
<li>Wide rice noodles 1 ladle</li>
<li>Potato ½ piece</li>
<li>Sarim noodles 1 ladle</li>
<li>Macaroni ⅔ cup</li>
</ul>
<p><strong style="color: #00826a;">Milk 1 carb</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Plain milk 240 milliliters</li>
<li>Milk powder 4 tablespoons</li>
<li>Yogurt 1 cup</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #00826a;"><strong>Vegetables 1 carb</strong></span></p>
<ul>
<li>Starchy vegetables 3 ladles: long beans, sesbania, carrot, straw mushroom, bamboo shoots, bean sprouts, water mimosa, kale, broccoli, raw papaya, onion</li>
</ul>
<p><strong><span style="color: #00826a;">Fruit 1 carb</span></strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Orange 1 piece</li>
<li>Guava 1 piece</li>
<li>Namwa banana 1 piece</li>
<li>Apple 1 piece</li>
<li>Kiwi 1 piece</li>
<li>Ripe mango ½ medium piece</li>
<li>Cantaloupe 8 bite-sized pieces</li>
<li>Watermelon 8 bite-sized pieces</li>
<li>Raw mango ½ large piece</li>
<li>Longkong 8-9 pieces</li>
<li>Rambutan 4 large pieces</li>
<li>Dragon fruit 8 bite-sized pieces</li>
<li>Pineapple 8 bite-sized pieces</li>
<li>Papaya 8 bite-sized pieces</li>
<li>Pomelo 2 large segments</li>
<li>Apple juice 120 milliliters</li>
<li>Orange juice 120 milliliters</li>
<li>Guava juice 120 milliliters</li>
<li>Grape juice 80 milliliters</li>
</ul>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><span style="color: #00826a;"><strong>Smart eating </strong></span>means knowing the principles of eating for pregnant women with diabetes:</p>
<ul>
<li>Sufficient energy and carbohydrate amounts matching body needs or insulin</li>
<li>Eat 4 meals a day: 3 main meals + 2-3 snacks, avoiding frequent nibbling</li>
<li>Control portion sizes of each meal to be similar, especially carbohydrates</li>
<li>Eat all 5 food groups: rice, starch, meat, fat, vegetables, fruit</li>
<li>Choose fresh fruits with low sweetness (low glycemic index), 2-3 servings per day, divided among meals</li>
<li>Avoid sweets, sugary drinks, ice cream, dried fruit, fruit juice, soda, sweetened milk, and fermented milk</li>
<li>Choose adequate protein sources, selecting high-quality proteins such as eggs, lean meat, tofu, and milk</li>
<li>Ensure sufficient intake of important nutrients for pregnant women, including calcium found in milk, small fish, green leafy vegetables, and iron found in red meat, blood, and animal organs</li>
<li>Avoid all alcoholic beverages</li>
</ul>
<p>References:</p>
<p>1. Clinical Practice Guidelines for Diabetes 2017</p>
<p>2. Rujira Sammasut. Principles of Nutritional Therapy. 3rd edition. Prachinburi: Supat Printing, 2009</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align: right;">For more information, please contact<br />
Nutrition Therapy Unit, Phyathai 2 Hospital<br />
Phone 02-617-2444 ext. 3130 (8:00 AM &#8211; 6:00 PM)</p>
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Gestational diabetes affects both the mother and the baby, so proper care and treatment are necessary. Dietary control is a key factor in managing blood sugar levels. Pregnant women should eat foods that provide

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