วัคซีนป้องกันโรคไข้ไทฟอยด์ (Typhoid Vaccine)

<img decoding="async" style="width: 100%;" src="https://pyt-storage.sgp1.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/photo_from_old_pyt/forms/9bb634e586cee9dbedb8071ea4df08d1.jpg" alt="Typhoid Fever (Typhoid)" />
Typhoid Fever (Typhoid)&nbsp; is a disease caused by infection with the bacterium Salmonella Typhi, which remains a global health threat today. It is a disease that can spread from person to person through contaminated water and food or contact with infected individuals. Common symptoms include high fever, headache, abdominal pain, constipation, and diarrhea.
Most typhoid fever patients improve after receiving antibiotic treatment, but some may die from complications. Additionally, there is a typhoid vaccine, which is usually given to those at high risk of infection or those traveling to areas where typhoid fever is endemic.
Symptoms of Typhoid Fever The incubation period depends on the bacterial load, ranging from 3 days to 1 month, typically about 8-14 days. The disease can be contagious as long as the bacteria are present in the stool and urine, from the first week until recovery. Symptoms include:
<ul>
<ul>
<li style="">Starting with a low fever that gradually increases daily, especially at night, possibly reaching up to 40.5 degrees Celsius</li>
<li style="">Headache</li>
<li style="">Dry cough</li>
<li style="">Loss of appetite and weight loss</li>
<li style="">Body aches</li>
<li style="">Weakness and fatigue</li>
<li style="">Lethargy</li>
<li style="">Sweating</li>
<li style="">Rash on the abdomen or chest</li>
<li style="">Abdominal pain and bloating</li>
<li style="">Diarrhea or constipation</li>
</ul>
</ul>
If untreated, additional symptoms may occur such as delirium due to fever toxicity, weakness, lethargy, inability to fully close the eyes or partial eye closure, and in severe cases, unconsciousness.
Causes of Typhoid Fever Typhoid fever is caused by a virulent bacterium, Salmonella Typhi, which can be contracted through consuming contaminated food and water or direct contact with infected individuals.
Oral Transmission In developing countries, most patients contract the infection from contaminated water and poor sanitation. In developed countries, infection often occurs from traveling to endemic areas or consuming contaminated food.
Typhoid Fever Carriers Some patients who recover from typhoid fever after antibiotic treatment may still carry the bacteria in their intestines or gallbladder. These individuals are considered carriers and can spread the infection to others through their stool.
<h2 style=" color: #008080;">Risk Factors for Typhoid Fever</h2>
<ul>
<ul>
<li style="">Working or traveling to countries where typhoid fever is endemic, such as India</li>
<li style="">Being a microbiologist working with Salmonella Typhi bacteria</li>
<li style="">Having close contact with infected individuals</li>
<li style="">Drinking water contaminated with Salmonella Typhi bacteria</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<h2 style=" color: #008080;">Diagnosis of Typhoid Fever</h2>
Doctors diagnose typhoid fever based on medical history, travel history, symptoms, and bacterial culture tests from blood, bodily fluids, and tissues.
Additionally, the traditional diagnostic method still in use is the Widal Test, which is usually positive after about 7-10 days of symptoms. Studies show that this test&#8217;s sensitivity and specificity vary by region. However, no method is as sensitive and specific as bacterial culture.
This method involves culturing bacteria from bodily fluids or tissues. Doctors can identify the bacterial strain by observing bacterial growth using small samples of blood, stool, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, or bone marrow, along with microscopy. Bone marrow culture is the most effective for detecting the bacteria.
However, culture testing takes time and may cause discomfort. Also, if a patient is confirmed to have typhoid fever, other household members may need to be screened for the bacteria.
Treatment Guidelines for Typhoid Fever Most patients can recover at home, but those with severe symptoms may require hospitalization.
Antibiotic Treatment is the most effective treatment for typhoid fever. Antibiotics used include ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, or chloramphenicol. However, these drugs may cause side effects or lead to antibiotic resistance if used for prolonged periods.
<h4 style="color: #008080; ">For mild cases, doctors may prescribe:</h4>
<ul>
<ul>
<li style="">Ciprofloxacin</li>
<li style="">Chloramphenicol&nbsp;&nbsp;</li>
<li style="">Trimethoprim</li>
<li style="">Ampicillin&nbsp; &nbsp;</li>
</ul>
</ul>
For severe cases, doctors will use ceftriaxone, an injectable antibiotic, or for patients who do not respond to oral antibiotics. Antibiotics that may face resistance issues include chloramphenicol, trimethoprim, and ampicillin.
Hospitalization Hospitalization is generally recommended for patients with severe symptoms such as excessive vomiting, inability to swallow, severe diarrhea, or children. Patients will receive intravenous antibiotics and may require intravenous fluids or nutrition.
Patients with life-threatening complications may require surgery, such as internal bleeding or perforation of parts of the digestive tract, although these cases are very rare.
Relapse Patients Some patients may experience a relapse or recurrence of the disease, usually about 1 week after completing antibiotic treatment. Symptoms are generally less severe and shorter than the initial episode. In such cases, doctors will treat with antibiotics again. Patients experiencing relapse symptoms should see a doctor promptly.
Carriers Patients who have been treated and improved should have stool tests to check for remaining bacteria to confirm carrier status. They may need additional antibiotic treatment for up to 28 days to eliminate the bacteria.
Complications of Typhoid Fever Complications usually occur in patients who do not receive appropriate or timely antibiotic treatment. One in ten patients with complications typically develops them during the third week of infection.
<h4 style="color: #008080; ">Common complications include:</h4>
<ul>
<li style="">Gastrointestinal bleeding</li>
<li style="">Perforation of the stomach or intestines, which can spread infection to nearby tissues</li>
</ul>
If complications are suspected, doctors will order additional tests such as CT Scan (Computerized Tomography) or X-rays. Other complications include:
<ul>
<ul>
<li style="">Pneumonia</li>
<li style="">Endocarditis</li>
<li style="">Myocarditis</li>
<li style="">Pancreatitis</li>
<li style="">Meningitis</li>
<li style="">Kidney or bladder infections</li>
<li style="">Mental health issues such as delirium, hallucinations, and paranoid psychosis</li>
</ul>
</ul>
Prevention of Typhoid Fever &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Typhoid fever can be prevented and controlled by ensuring clean and safe drinking water, improving sanitation, and providing adequate medical care. However, these measures can be challenging to implement, so experts believe vaccination is another effective preventive method.
There are two types of typhoid vaccines: injectable and capsule forms. The vaccine is recommended for travelers to high-risk areas, laboratory personnel working directly with Salmonella Typhi bacteria, people living with carriers, and possibly school-aged children in countries where typhoid is a major problem with high antibiotic resistance. The vaccine typically provides protection for about 2-5 years.
<h4 style="color: #008080; ">Since vaccination does not provide complete protection against typhoid fever, precautions and self-care include:</h4>
<ul>
<ul>
<li style="">Frequent handwashing with soap and water before eating, preparing food, and after using the toilet</li>
<li style="">Avoid drinking potentially contaminated or unsafe water</li>
<li style="">Avoid eating raw vegetables and fruits that may have been washed with contaminated water</li>
<li style="">Drink clean water and eat freshly cooked food</li>
<li style="">Use serving spoons when sharing food with others</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<h2 style=" color: #008080;">Preventing Transmission to Others</h2>
<ul>
<ul>
<li style="">Take antibiotics as prescribed until the course is complete, even if symptoms improve</li>
<li style="">Wash hands frequently with soap before eating and after using the toilet</li>
<li style="">Infected patients should avoid handling or preparing food for others until confirmed by a doctor that they are no longer contagious</li>
</ul>
</ul>
&nbsp;
For more information, please contact Internal Medicine Center and Vaccine Center, 1st Floor, Building A, Phyathai 2 Hospital Tel. 02-617-2444 ext. 4104, 4106 Phyathai Call Center 1772

Typhoid fever (Typhoid) is a disease caused by infection with the bacterium Salmonella Typhi, which remains a global health threat today. It is a disease that can be transmitted from person to person through contamination of water and food or

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