In our body, blood pressure pushes blood to nourish various organs. Normally, blood pressure levels range from 120/80 to 139/89 millimeters of mercury. However, if someone has a blood pressure higher than 140/90 millimeters of mercury, it is considered hypertension. Low blood pressure is around 100/60 millimeters of mercury. In “pregnant women”, physiological changes occur to improve blood circulation to the fetus. Therefore, blood pressure in pregnant women during early pregnancy tends to be lower until mid-pregnancy, after which it may slightly increase.
- Characteristics of low blood pressure include dizziness and lightheadedness; some may experience severe fatigue.
- Characteristics of high blood pressure include headaches, blurred vision, and swelling in the body.
Pregnant mothers may experience both low and high blood pressure. Low blood pressure is often found in early pregnancy, sometimes in mothers with severe morning sickness or inability to eat. If there is severe fatigue, dizziness, or fainting, rest is recommended. If symptoms are severe, intravenous fluids at the hospital may be necessary. High blood pressure during pregnancy or pre-existing hypertension can lead to preeclampsia. Additionally, some pregnant women with previously normal blood pressure may develop hypertension during pregnancy, which can also progress to preeclampsia.
High blood pressure during pregnancy is a common complication at various stages of pregnancy and is one of the leading causes of maternal death. Each year, more than 50,000 cases are reported, with nearly all having a risk of death.
Factors contributing to maternal hypertension during pregnancy include obesity, advanced maternal age, or underlying diseases such as kidney disease and diabetes. Once hypertension occurs, it increases the risk of preeclampsia and complications for both the mother and the baby. In Thailand, the prevalence of hypertension in pregnancy is about 1-3% of approximately 700,000 births per year. Each year, no fewer than 10,000 pregnant women have hypertension.
However, mothers who know they have hypertension should plan before pregnancy by
- Controlling blood pressure well
- Consulting a doctor about pregnancy plans because some hypertension medications may affect the fetus and cause abnormalities. Appropriate medication changes should be made before pregnancy. If hypertension occurs during pregnancy, medication adjustments are necessary.
- Consuming foods rich in potassium and magnesium can help prevent hypertension. These nutrients are abundant in fresh vegetables and fruits such as bananas, potatoes, and various leafy greens.
- For pregnant women with hypertension, exercise recommendations include yoga, swimming, meditation, and adequate rest.
