The liver is the largest internal organ in the human body and plays a vital role in maintaining overall health, much like a central housekeeping system. It performs multiple functions, including detoxifying harmful substances and waste from the blood, producing immune factors to combat infections, and eliminating pathogens from the bloodstream. Additionally, the liver produces proteins essential for blood clotting and generates bile, which aids in the digestion and absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins.
Cirrhosis is a condition characterized by chronic and progressive damage to liver cells, commonly accompanied by the development of fibrous tissue (fibrosis) and regenerative nodules. These changes cause the liver surface to become irregular, altering both its structure and function. Over time, the normal architecture of the liver lobules and blood flow becomes disrupted, leading the liver to become firm, deformed, and ultimately cirrhotic. This condition is more frequently observed in men over the age of 50 and is commonly associated with long-term alcohol consumption, although various other causes may contribute as well.
Causes of Cirrhosis
- Prolonged and excessive alcohol consumption
- Chronic viral hepatitis, particularly hepatitis B and C
- Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- Chronic jaundice due to bile duct obstruction, caused by gallstones, tumors, or external compression of the bile ducts
- Circulatory abnormalities such as chronic heart failure or constrictive pericarditis, which lead to prolonged liver congestion and oxygen deprivation. This condition is known as congestive hepatopathy or cardiac cirrhosis
- Long-term exposure to toxins or certain medications, which may lead to drug-induced hepatitis and subsequently cirrhosis
- Certain inherited metabolic disorders
- Idiopathic causes (unknown origin)
Symptoms of Cirrhosis
In the early stages, cirrhosis often presents without noticeable symptoms. As the condition progresses, patients may experience fatigue, nausea, and loss of appetite. In advanced stages, complications of cirrhosis may arise, including abdominal swelling, leg edema, and yellowing of the eyes and skin (jaundice).
Diagnosis
Individuals at risk of cirrhosis should undergo regular monitoring. Diagnosis typically involves blood tests, imaging studies to assess liver morphology, CT scans, or MRI. While there is no definitive cure for cirrhosis, management focuses on preventing further liver damage by addressing the underlying cause.
Patients are advised to abstain from alcohol in alcohol-related cases, and to receive appropriate treatment and rest if the cause is viral hepatitis B or C. Reducing salt intake can help alleviate symptoms such as leg and abdominal swelling. Liver transplantation remains the most effective treatment option for end-stage cirrhosis, although it is limited by high costs, donor availability, and the need for lifelong immunosuppressive therapy.
