What is Placenta Previa?

Placenta previa is a condition where the placenta partially or completely covers the cervix. Normally, the placenta is located at the top of the uterus and away from the cervix. When it is time for delivery, the cervix dilates, causing the blood vessels connecting the placenta and uterus to tear, leading to heavy bleeding before or during delivery. This poses risks to both the mother and the fetus and may cause preterm labor. Therefore, doctors usually recommend a Caesarean section for pregnant women with placenta previa.

Symptoms of Placenta Previa

Placenta previa may occur between late second trimester and early third trimester. The symptom is bright red vaginal bleeding, usually without pain.
Some cases may experience pain, sharp discomfort, or uterine contractions.
If there is heavy bleeding, it may cause fetal anemia and death. For the mother, it may lead to shock and possibly death. If these symptoms occur, seek medical attention immediately.

What Causes Placenta Previa?

The exact cause of placenta previa is unclear, but it is believed to be related to the following factors:

Pregnant women aged 35 years or older
Second or subsequent pregnancies
Twin pregnancies or multiple fetuses
Large or abnormally shaped uterus
Scars on the uterine wall
Abnormal fetal position
Uterine curettage due to miscarriage or preterm labor
Previous Caesarean section
Uterine fibroids
Pregnant women who smoke

How Do We Know If We Are at Risk for Placenta Previa?

To determine if a pregnant woman is at risk for this condition, doctors diagnose it using ultrasound after 20 weeks of gestation.

Principles for Treating Placenta Previa

1. Amount of bleeding and emergency urgency

In cases of no or minimal bleeding, doctors may recommend bed rest at home, reducing physical activity, and avoiding sexual intercourse.
In cases of heavy bleeding, doctors may recommend hospitalization, blood transfusion to replace lost blood, administration of medications to prevent preterm labor, or preparation for Caesarean section, prioritizing the safety of both mother and baby.

2. Gestational age

If the pregnancy is full term, doctors will consider immediate Caesarean delivery.
If the pregnancy is preterm, doctors may consider using medications to suppress uterine contractions and administer steroids to accelerate fetal lung maturity in preparation for preterm delivery.

Prevention of Placenta Previa

Attend scheduled prenatal check-ups, during which doctors will perform ultrasounds to monitor fetal health, placenta position, and amniotic fluid.
Observe symptoms; if vaginal bleeding occurs, see a doctor immediately.