Pregnant mothers may experience various symptoms during the 9 months of pregnancy, ranging from no symptoms at all to severe vomiting requiring hospitalization. These can be observed as follows:
Morning sickness The exact cause is unknown. It is suspected that hormones produced by the placenta increase rapidly during the first 3 months of pregnancy, causing nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and extreme fatigue. Some may experience loss of appetite and bloating. Most symptoms improve within the first 3 months, but if symptoms are severe, consult an obstetrician immediately to check for pregnancy abnormalities such as molar pregnancy or twins. It is recommended to eat small, frequent meals to aid digestion and avoid fatty or fried foods, which can significantly reduce morning sickness. Medication may be given to relieve severe symptoms.
Facial melasma and darkened skin Caused by pregnancy hormones stimulating pigment cells under the skin, leading to abnormal pigment accumulation in certain areas of the body. Skin darkening occurs on the face, neck, armpits, midline of the abdomen, areola, and nipples (which will gradually fade and disappear 3-6 months after delivery). Stretch marks on the abdomen occur because the skin in that area has low elasticity during rapid uterine expansion, especially in people with dry skin, causing skin tears and itching. Prevention includes applying cream, lotion, or olive oil to keep the skin moisturized, which increases skin elasticity and reduces or prevents stretch marks.
Vaginal discharge Pregnancy hormones stimulate increased mucus production in the vagina. The discharge is white and cloudy, odorless, and non-itchy, increasing gradually until delivery. If the discharge is yellow-green, has a foul smell, or causes itching, consult a doctor immediately.
Back pain Caused by carrying the weight of the growing uterus and baby, as well as poor posture, wearing high heels, lifting heavy objects (or sometimes carrying children). Therefore, mothers should sit and practice proper posture exercises, get enough rest, and avoid causes that may lead to back pain.
Constipation Caused by low fiber intake, insufficient water consumption, and increased progesterone hormone during pregnancy, which reduces the contraction of the large intestine. Additionally, the enlarged uterus presses on the large intestine, causing hard stools and difficulty in defecation, which can lead to hemorrhoids. Therefore, it is recommended to drink plenty of water and increase vegetable and fruit intake during pregnancy.
Calf cramps Caused by overuse or excessive use of calf muscles or blood pooling in the area due to prolonged standing or sitting. This is compounded by decreased blood calcium levels, as some calcium is used for fetal bone development. Therefore, during pregnancy, consume more calcium-rich foods such as fresh milk, small shrimp, and small fish. Additionally, resting during the day, practicing exercises, and massaging the calves after walking a lot can help.
Lower abdominal heaviness Most mothers may experience a heavy feeling in the lower abdomen after the first month of pregnancy, occurring occasionally (no more than 5 times a day). This is due to mild uterine contractions, which are normal during pregnancy. However, if the heaviness occurs frequently (more than 10 times a day) or 2-3 times per hour continuously for several hours, it may be a warning sign of miscarriage or preterm labor, and medical consultation is necessary.
Swelling in the legs or feet Generally, in the last 3-4 months before delivery, some may experience mild swelling in the legs or feet. This can be observed by pressing a finger on the shin or top of the foot, where the skin will slightly indent. If the indentation is deep or very deep, it may indicate an abnormal condition such as preeclampsia or certain kidney diseases, and immediate consultation with an obstetrician is required. For mild swelling during the day, mothers should rest, stretch their legs, and elevate them to hip level. At night before sleeping, elevate the feet slightly above the horizontal level to reduce swelling.
